What Defines a Symphony?

At its core, a symphony is a large-scale musical composition written for an orchestra, typically consisting of multiple movements that vary in tempo, mood and character. The term “symphony” originates from the Greek word symphonia, meaning “agreement or concord of sound,” which perfectly encapsulates the cohesive yet diverse nature of the form.

Symphonies are often regarded as one of the pinnacles of classical music. They showcase not only the creativity of the composer but also the skill and artistry of the musicians performing. Throughout history, composers have used the symphony as a canvas to express profound emotions, tell stories and even comment on societal issues.

While no blueprint exists for a symphony, most follow a general four-movement structure:

  1. First Movement (Allegro): The symphony usually opens with an energetic and dramatic movement, often in sonata form. This movement sets the tone and introduces key musical themes that may reappear throughout the piece.
  2. Second Movement (Adagio or Andante): The second movement provides a contrast to the first, offering a slower and more reflective pace. This section often evokes deep emotion and showcases lyrical melodies.
  3. Third Movement (Scherzo or Minuet): Traditionally a light and playful movement, the third section often includes rhythmic elements inspired by dances. It serves as a refreshing interlude between the heavier second and fourth movements.
  4. Fourth Movement (Allegro or Presto): The final movement typically brings the symphony to a thrilling conclusion, often revisiting earlier themes and delivering a sense of resolution.

A Brief History of the Symphony

The symphony as we know it began to take shape in the 18th century during the Classical period. Composers like Joseph Haydn, often called the “Father of the Symphony,” and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart helped define the form, establishing its structure and stylistic norms. Haydn alone composed over 100 symphonies, many of which remain staples of the repertoire today.

The Romantic period saw the symphony evolve further, with composers such as Beethoven pushing its boundaries. Beethoven’s nine symphonies are monumental works that expanded the form’s emotional and technical range. His Symphony No.9, featuring the famous “Ode to Joy,” even incorporates choral elements, breaking traditional conventions.

Why Do Symphonies Matter?

Symphonies are more than just musical compositions; They are cultural artifacts that capture the spirit of their time. They provide a window into the minds of the composers who created them and the societies in which they lived. Listening to a symphony can be an immersive experience, drawing the audience into a world of sound that communicates emotions and ideas beyond words.

Moreover, the symphony represents a remarkable feat of collaboration. It brings together dozens of musicians, each playing a distinct part, to create something greater than the sum of its parts. For audiences, this unity of purpose and artistry is both awe-inspiring and deeply moving.

Famous Symphonies You Should Know

If you're new to the world of symphonies, here are a few iconic pieces to get you started:

If you’ve never experienced a symphony live, it’s worth adding to your bucket list. Watching an orchestra perform in person is a multisensory delight. Each instrument adds its voice to the collective tapestry of sound, from the shimmering strings to the booming timpani. 

Join the Des Moines Symphony for our Masterworks Series to experience the power of a live Orchestra playing some of the greatest repertoire ever written!